Acute Q fever is also a significant cause of hospitalization as reported in Tanzania, Netherlands and Kenya. Individuals with symptomatic acute Q fever commonly manifest a febrile illness associated with headache, chills, dyspnoea, myalgia, cough, chest pain, arthralgia, atypical pneumonia, hepatitis, and chronic fatigue syndrome. burnetii result in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations with about 60% of individuals with acute Q fever being asymptomatic. Ticks have also been shown to play a role in the transmission. The low infectious dose of 1 to 10 bacteria required to establish infections in humans and animals, together with the ability of this pathogen to live in the environment for a long time ranging from weeks to months, could contribute significantly to airborne transmission. Intake of contaminated milk or dairy products is also another source of infection in humans because these products could contain large quantities of C. Infections in humans in many settings occur mainly through inhalation of contaminated aerosols or dust particles, but may also occur through direct exposure to contaminated birth products, placenta, faeces, or vaginal mucus during parturition and abortions from infected animals, or during animal slaughter. This disease is endemic in livestock and human populations in Africa, especially in resource-limited rural areas, where domestic species such as goats, sheep, and cattle are the primary reservoirs of C. Q fever (coxiellosis in animals) is a globally distributed bacterial zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular pathogen that infects multiple hosts including livestock, wildlife, humans, birds, rodents, reptiles, and arthropods such as ticks. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. and Coxiella burnetii in humans and animals in Kenya: Disease burden and ecological factors, funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, contract number HDTRA 11910031 (received by BB). Additional funding for data analysis and manuscript development was provided through the co-infection project: Co-infection with Rift Valley fever virus, Brucella spp. The ESPA programme was funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (received by DG and BB). NEJ001570), funded by the Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation, Programme (ESPA). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: The sampling of livestock and humans was implemented under the project: Dynamic Drivers of Disease in Africa: Ecosystems, livestock/wildlife, health and wellbeing (grant no. Received: MaAccepted: JanuPublished: March 3, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Mwololo et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(3):Įditor: Claudia Munoz-Zanzi, University of Minnesota, UNITED STATES (2022) Sero-epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in livestock and humans in Tana River and Garissa counties in Kenya. burnetii than women.Ĭitation: Mwololo D, Nthiwa D, Kitala P, Abuom T, Wainaina M, Kairu-Wanyoike S, et al. In human populations, men had a significantly higher odds of testing positive for C. For livestock species, both sheep and goats had significantly higher odds of seropositivity than cattle. burnetii than males, while for animal age groups, adult animals had higher odds of seropositivity than calves, kids or lambs. Multivariable results showed that female animals had higher odds of seropositivity for C. burnetii in livestock was not positively associated with human exposure. In livestock, the seroprevalence differed significantly by species (p < 0.01). The overall apparent seroprevalence estimates of C.
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